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History Primary Resources

Guide to primary resources in print and digital format

What are Primary Resources?

Primary resources (or primary sources) refer to documents or other items that provide first-hand, eyewitness accounts of events. They are created by witnesses or recorders who experienced the events or conditions being documented. Often these sources are created at the time when the events or conditions are occurring, but primary sources can also include autobiographies, memoirs, and oral histories recorded later. Primary sources are characterized by their content, regardless of whether they are available in original format, in microfilm/microfiche, in digital format, or in published format.


Examples of primary resources:

  • Printed texts, including books, newspapers, diaries, pamphlets,  magazines, and journals
  • Manuscripts
  • Maps
  • Paintings
  • Artifacts
  • Audio and video recordings
  • Oral histories
  • Photographs
  • Dissertations
  • Government documents

Primary sources are different from secondary sources, which are written later and usually comment on or analyze historic events or original documents.

Primary Source Example

Abraham Lincoln to Major General Meade regarding pardon for John Murphy because of his age (1863 Oct 12). Image of a letter written in cursive.

Abraham Lincoln to Major General Meade regarding pardon for John Murphy because of his age (1863 Oct 12).(Source: New York Public Library, digital gallery) 

 

 

Acknowledgments

This guide was originally created by Maaike Oldemans.